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Asia
China
11:17, 08-Jul-2024, (Monday); Updated 23:12, 08-Jul-2024 Chinese President Xi and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán had an in-depth exchange of views on the Ukraine crisis when they met in the Chinese capital, Beijing, today. Orbán briefed Xi on his recent visits to Ukraine and Russia. Xi commended Orbán for his efforts towards seeking a political solution to the crisis, stressing that an early ceasefire and political settlement of the issue are in everyone's interest. The Chinese president said the priority is to cool down the situation by observing the three principles of no expansion of the battlefield, no escalation of fighting, and no fanning by any party over the flames. Xi called on the international community to provide suitable conditions and support for the resumption of direct dialogue and negotiation between the two parties. Stressing that Chhna has been actively promoting peace talks in its own way, Xi said China and Hungary share the same basic propositions and are working in the same direction. China will keep in communication with Hungary and the relevant parties, he added. During today's talks, Xi noted that during his successful state visit to Hungary two months ago, bilateral relations were elevated to an all-weather comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era, which gave new historical significance to the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties this year and injected strong impetus into the high-level development of China-Hungary relations. Noting that the third plenary session of the 20th Communist Party of China Central Committee will be held next week, Xi said China will further deepen overall reform and promote high-quality development and high-level opening up, which will provide new opportunities and create new momentum for China-Hungary cooperation. Xi said that the two countries should maintain high-level exchanges, deepen political mutual trust, strengthen strategic communication and coordination, continue to firmly support each other, strengthen practical cooperation in various fields, advance high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, and continue to enrich the bilateral all-weather comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era to better benefit the people. He congratulated Hungary on assuming the rotating presidency of the European Union (EU) and said there is no geopolitical contradiction or fundamental conflict of interests between China and the EU. China-EU relations are of strategic significance and global influence and should maintain steady and sound development, Xi said, calling on the two sides to jointly respond to global challenges. Next year marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the EU, Xi said, adding that the two sides should stay committed to the correct path of bilateral partnership with cooperation as the defining trend, continue to promote two-way opening up, strengthen international coordination, and contribute to world peace, stability, development and prosperity. It is hoped that Hungary, as the holder of the rotating EU presidency, will play a positive role in promoting the sound and stable development of China-EU relations and facilitating constructive interactions, Xi added. For his part, Orbán said that over the past two months, the two sides have earnestly implemented the important outcomes of President Xi's visit to Hungary, strengthened friendship and mutual trust, and laid a solid foundation for the future development of bilateral relations. In the face of the current turbulent international situation, China not only loves peace but has also put forward a series of constructive and important initiatives, proving with its own concrete actions that China is an important stabilizing force for world peace, Orbán said. He added that Hungary highly appreciates and values China's role and influence and is willing to maintain close strategic communication and coordination with China. Hungary advocates strengthening cooperation with China and opposes forming exclusionary cliques and bloc confrontation, Orbán said. Hungary is willing to take the rotating EU presidency as an opportunity to actively promote the sound development of EU-China relations, he said. (Source: cgtn *, "With input from Xinhua **")
* China Global Television Network (CGTN), a state-run international division of China Central Television (CCTV). Headquartered in Beijing, China
** * Xinhua News Agency, the official state news agency of the People's Republic of China
(Monday), 7/8/2024 12:00 Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán made a surprise visit today to Beijing. Upon landing in China, Orbán posted a photo of himself on X captioned: “Peace mission 3.0 #Beijing.” Orbán’s visit to China followed trips to Kyiv and Moscow last week, just days after Hungary took over the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union. His "foray' into peacemaking has drawn criticism in the West of his attempt to pressure Kyiv to surrender territory that Moscow has seized by force. Zelensky has called for a full withdrawal of Russian troops, including at a “peace summit’ in Switzerland last month that China pointedly did not attend. Russia was not invited. Putin has insisted that the West, particularly the United States and Britain, is responsible for prolonging his war in Ukraine by not pressuring Kyiv to give in to his territorial demands. In an interview with the German newspaper Bild, Orbán insisted that Ukraine could never defeat Russia. “There is no solution to this conflict on the front lines,” he said, adding: “Putin cannot lose if you look at the soldiers, equipment and technology. Defeating Russia is a thought that is difficult to imagine. The probability that Russia could actually be defeated is completely incalculable.” At the meeting with Orbán in Beijing, Xi said he appreciated the Hungarian leader’s efforts to bring about a political solution to the war in Ukraine, which he referred to as a “conflict.” “China and Hungary share the same basic positions and are working in the same direction,” he said. Chinese leader Xi called for a global effort to push Russia and Ukraine toward a “cease-fire” and praised Orbán’s diplomatic initiatives. “Only when all major powers exert positive energy rather than negative energy can the dawn of a cease-fire in this conflict appear as soon as possible,” Xi said. China, has been “actively urging peace and advocating talks in its own way,” he added. Putin, welcoming Orbán in Moscow last week, pointedly invoked Hungary’s E.U. presidency. The Hungarian prime minister’s visit to Beijing occurred just hours before Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Moscow on a state visit, his first since Putin ordered the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. In a statement before he left New Delhi today, Modi hailed “my friend Putin” and “the Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership between India and Russia.” With his visit to Moscow, Modi, who was reelected last month, was signaling his autonomy even though the Biden administration has worked assiduously to court the Indian leader. With Orbán in China and Modi in Russia, a multipolar world takes shape. (Source: msn / The Washington Post)
2:37 PM CEST, July 8, 2024 Chinese President Xi Jinping called on world powers to help Russia and Ukraine resume direct dialogue during a meeting today with Hungary’s Prime Minister Viktor Orbán who made a surprise visit to China after similar trips last week to Ukraine and Russia to discuss prospects for a peaceful settlement of more than the two-year war. Orbán has long argued for a cessation of hostilities in Ukraine but without outlining what that might mean for the country’s territorial integrity or future security. The Hungarian prime minister broadly opposes Western military aid to Ukraine and has blocked, delayed or watered down EU efforts to assist Kyiv and impose sanctions on Moscow over its invasion. Standing alongside Orbán last week in Moscow, Putin declared that Russia wouldn’t accept any cease-fire or temporary break in hostilities that would allow Ukraine 'to recoup losses, regroup and rearm.' Putin repeated his demand that Ukraine withdraw its troops from the four regions that Moscow claims to have annexed in 2022 as a condition for any prospective peace talks. Ukraine and its Western allies have rejected that demand. Hungary assumed the rotating presidency of the European Union this month and Orbán has since embarked on a peace mission, which, however, lacks the endorsement of EU officials, who insisted Orbán was not acting on behalf of the whole European bloc. Their rebuke failed to deter Orbán from extending a similar visit to Beijing, which he called “Peace mission 3.0” in a picture posted on X. “China is a key power in creating the conditions for peace in the Russia-Ukraine war,” Orbán wrote on the social media platform X. “This is why I came to meet with President Xi in Beijing, just two months after his official visit to Budapest.” Orbán is widely seen as having the warmest relations with Xi and Russian President Putin among European leaders. Orbán hosted the Chinese leader in Hungary only two months ago. The European nation hosts a number of Chinese electric vehicle battery facilities, and in December it announced that Chinese EV manufacturing giant BYD will open its first European EV production factory in the south of the country. During the trip, China upgraded its ties with Hungary to an “all-weather, comprehensive strategic partnership,” one of its highest designations for foreign relations that in addition to Hungary applies only to Belarus, Pakistan and Venezuela. During his meeting with Xi, Orbán described China as a stabilizing force amid global turbulence and praised its “constructive and important” peace initiatives. China has been promoting its own six-point peace plan, which it issued with Brazil in May. Beijing says it is neutral in the conflict, though in practice it supports Moscow through frequent state visits, growing trade and joint military drills. China has spread its influence in Central Asia and Eastern Europe in recent years beyond its “no limits” partnership with Moscow. Over the weekend, China held “anti-terror" military drills with Belarus - a key ally of Russia - near the border with Poland. The drills came after last week Belarus joined a regional security organization led by China and Russia. While hosting Orbán, Xi called on Russia and Ukraine to cease fire and on other major powers to create an environment conducive to talks. “Next stop: Washington,” Orbán posted on his social media account today. In Washington, D.C. NATO leaders are holding a summit to discuss ways to assure Ukraine of the alliance’s continued support. It was not clear whether Orbán would meet separately with President Biden, or Trump, whose presidential candidacy Orbán openly supports. (Source: apnews)
* The Associated Press, an American news agency headquartered in New York City, U.S.
8 July 2024 5:38 (AM) Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán arrived in Beijing today for a visit after recent surprise visits to Moscow and Kyiv in the past week since Hungary took over the European Union’s rotating presidency at the start of July. Orbán, the friendliest EU leader towards Moscow, held talked with President Putin on Friday, July 5, about the war in Ukraine. Putin told Orbán that Ukraine must withdraw its troops from regions that Moscow has annexed if it wants peace. The trip comes a day before NATO is due to hold a summit to mark its 75th anniversary, with setbacks in Ukraine set to dominate discussions. Orbán was greeted at the airport by Chinese foreign ministry spokeswoman Hua. He will meet Xi today morning. Beijing presents itself as a neutral party in the war and says it is not sending lethal assistance to either side, unlike the United States and other Western nations. It has however offered a critical lifeline to Russia’s isolated economy, with trade booming since the conflict began. In a short statement, the Chinese foreign ministry said the Hungarian leader would meet Xi today “for in-depth communication on issues of mutual interest”. Last October, the Hungarian premier was the sole EU leader to attend the summit for Xi’s flagship Belt and Road initiative in Beijing. The Central European country of 9.6 million people has attracted a flood of major Chinese projects in recent years, mostly related to battery and electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing. Xi visited Hungary in May this year, for the final leg of a European tour that also led him to France and Serbia. Following a meeting with Orbán, Xi said Beijing placed “great importance” on its relations with the EU. (Source: euractiv * )
* Euractiv, a European news website. Its headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.
(Monday), 8/7/2024 Hungary took over the rotating presidency of the EU earlier this month. On a self-proclaimed "peace mission 3.0., after his recent trips to Kyiv and Moscow, Hungary's Prime Minister Viktor Orbán visited to the Chinese capital. In an interview with German tabloid newspaper Bild published today, Orbán repeated his calls for a cease-fire and warned of further escalation in the conflict in the coming months. "Believe me: the next two or three months will be much more brutal than we think," he said in comments which will have been made directly on the back of his meeting with Russian President Putin in the Kremlin and before his arrival in China. "There are more weapons [involved] and the Russians are more determined. The energy in the confrontation, the number of dead, the number of victims will become more brutal than in the last seven months.' He insisted that he is "not arguing about who is right and who is wrong" and his "aim is peace and a cease-fire." In Beijing, where Hungary's PM Orbán met with Chinese President Xi, he attempted to position himself as a mediator pushing for an end to the ongoing Russian war in Ukraine. Orbán emphasized China's role as a 'key power in creating the conditions for peace' in the conflict. China's President Xi, for his part, used Orbán's visit to call on the international community for global dialogue, to "create conditions and provide assistance for the two sides to resume direct dialogue and negotiations". "Only when all major powers exert positive energy rather than negative energy can the dawn of a ceasefire in this conflict appear as soon as possible," he reportedly said. China presents itself as a neutral party in the war, but strategic relations with Russia have strengthened since the invasion. Beijing has offered a crucial lifeline to Russia's increasingly isolated economy, purchasing large quantities of Russian natural gas albeit at reduced prices. China is preferring to promote its own six-point peace plan, issued together with Brazil in May and which Moscow has supported. Since 2010, Orbán has been seeking closer economic ties to China, Russia and other Asian countries as part of his "eastern opening" foreign policy. China has continued to deepen economic ties with Hungary, which has remained open to Chinese investment despite EU sanctions imposed on Beijing, in particular on imports of Chinese-made electric vehicles. The Hungarian foreign minister claimed that Chinese investment in Hungary's electromobility sector could create 25,000 jobs. The Hungarian government recently boasted of ongoing economic projects originating in China worth around €15 billion ($16bn). Orbán departed Beijing en route for Washington today. (Source: dw *; "AFP, dpa, Reuters")
* Deutsche Welle, the German public, state-owned international broadcaster, headquartered in Bonn
North America
United States
(Monday), 07/08/2024, 2:15PM ET ' To put Trump in a bullseye'? A defiant President Biden insisted to his donors today that he is “done talking about the debate' and implored the party to ignore any further distractions and direct its attention back to Trump. 'We need to move forward. Look, we have roughly 40 days til the convention, 120 days til the election. We can’t waste any more time being distracted,' Biden said in a private call with donors. 'I have one job, and that’s to beat Trump. I’m absolutely certain I’m the best person to be able to do that. So, we’re done talking about the debate, it’s time to put Trump in a bullseye,' Biden said. The forceful message from Biden - which was delivered to hundreds of top Democratic donors and bundlers in the president's National Finance Committee - is the latest evidence that the president and his allies are working furiously to stem defections in the party. Earlier in the day, Biden sent a fiery missive to congressional Democrats, declaring his intentions to remain in the race even as roughly a half-dozen members have publicly called for him to bow out. Several donors who participated in the call "described Biden as forceful and strong'. One took four questions during the meeting, including one about Biden’s plans for the next debate. The president responded that his strategy was to 'attack, attack, attack'. Biden repeated multiple times that he would not be leaving the race: “I’m telling you, I’m not going anywhere folks. I’m in this to the end, and I’m going to beat Trump. I promise you.' He touted the “grassroots support' he saw during his 10-day cross-country tour following the debate, from Georgia to Wisconsin to Pennsylvania, and thanked his donors for sticking by his side. “I appreciate you hanging in there with me. I realize you’re getting a lot of heat,' he said. Instead of airing public concerns about his campaign, Biden argued the party should be directing its ire at Trump, who he said has 'gotten away with doing nothing for the last 10 days except driving around in his golf cart, bragging about scores he doesn’t score.' He said Democrats needed to focus on what Trump would do to abortion rights, Medicare, Social Security, and prescription drug prices. But there’s still lingering concern and frustration within the high-dollar donor community about Biden’s ability to beat Trump in November. (Source: politico *)
.* Politico, an American political digital newspaper. Headquarters Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.
NATO
July 8, 2024 4:00 AM CET Taking the necessary steps to fully operationalize deterrence by denial now is critical - especially before a possible change in America’s relationship with NATO. After Russia’s second invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and the ensuing brutal war, though, NATO reexamined its approach and took several steps to strengthen its efforts. It completed new allied operations plans, which based allied defense planning, exercises and force sizing more closely on real-world threats. It revamped its force structure, embracing a new NATO Force Model designed to provide larger numbers of troops at higher readiness, and placed multinational battle groups in Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. It also moved to integrate its new members - Finland and Sweden - remarkably quickly. And given these changes, the alliance has now begun modifying its command structure as well. It has also agreed to expand its small battle groups to brigade-size, when and where necessary. Regarding personnel, NATO simply needs more. Nearly all major European allies - especially France, Italy, Germany and the U.K. - face military personnel shortages. Decisions made a decade ago to invest in capabilities at the expense of capacity mean that even as these allies have become increasingly capable of fighting side-by-side with their American counterparts, they’ve been fielding smaller militaries. And even those with plans to expand personnel, like Germany, don’t have plans to resource them. Attacking is usually considered a “harder” military task than defending. It requires troops to leave the safety of fortifications and enter unfamiliar “foreign terrain,” so typically a three-to-one ratio is necessary for offensive success. To mitigate this, NATO should aim to prevent its forces in the east from falling below a two-to-one or 1.5-to-one ratio. More European allies will likely need to reexamine their decisions to ditch conscription, as well as embrace more robust development and activation of reserve forces to help allies achieve the necessary mass. Larger European NATO countries, which have the populations to support bigger military formations, will be critical here. NATO needs to beef up its forces in the east. In terms of quality, this means endowing NATO’s forward military units with more full-spectrum capabilities, including electronic warfare, unmanned aerial vehicles, short range air defense and cyber. And in terms of quantity, it means that each forward military unit in the three Baltic states, Poland and Romania ought to be made into brigade-size units permanently. The German-led unit in Lithuania is headed in this direction, and the Canadian-led unit in Latvia may be as well - but the timelines for this are woefully long.For reducing the interoperability frictions in some forward military units - the one in Latvia, for example, suffers from this the most, with 10 contributing allies - a country’s minimum contribution to each unit ought to be a battalion. Meanwhile, there’s no reason to have land-centric forward military units in Slovakia, Hungary or Bulgaria, as these allies face no significant ground threat. And given the threats facing Romania, NATO should convert the unit there into its first Multi-Domain Task Force, with an emphasis on intelligence, maritime domain awareness, air defense, and long-range artillery and rockets. In the air domain, in any case, the goal should be to forcibly end Russian aircraft and missile incursions into allied airspace. For instance, the NATO countries should announce they’ll no longer tolerate violations of allied airspace by piloted Russian aircraft, flyovers of any ally by Ukraine-bound Russian missiles and rockets, or Russian drone activity within a certain distance of the alliance’s eastern frontier. NATO should then forward station-appropriate integrated air and missile defense assets along its eastern front, starting in southeastern Poland and northeastern Romania - creating no-fly zones over portions of western and southwestern Ukraine. As for the electromagnetic spectrum, Russia’s aggressive, indiscriminate use of electronic jamming isn’t just threatening military operations by allied forces in NATO’s east but civilian aviation and maritime activity. Will the allies wait until Russia’s electronic warfare downs a civilian airliner before they respond? 'This upcoming Washington summit provides the ideal opportunity' for NATO to finally embrace this strategy. (Source: politico *)
.by Deni, a research professor at the U.S. Army War College’s Strategic Studies Institute, a nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council, and an associate fellow at the NATO Defense College. He’s the author of “NATO and Article 5.”
* Politico, an American political digital newspaper. Headquarters Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.
7/8/24 6:00 The leaders of the West’s preeminent military alliance convene this week in Washington. The war in Ukraine is bound to dominate the proceedings. NATO meets at a moment of peak uncertainty in the West. The Biden administration and some governments in Europe have ’desperately’ tried to “Trump-proof' support for Ukraine in the near to medium term. ’We have a political window right now that should allow for more acceptance of NATO accession,’ Runde, senior vice president of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, told. ’This should be the time that the Biden administration should push’ for Ukraine’s NATO bid, he added. The best way to ensure Ukraine’s long-term security is to give Ukraine more capability to actually defeat Russia, Rogin noted ’That means speeding up delivery of air-defense systems, fighter planes, longer-range rockets, and helping Ukraine develop its own defense production to reduce its dependence on the West.’ Diplomats in Washington are aware that Trump may choose to cut off military support to Kyiv. European diplomats are already preparing contingency plans for a future Trump administration; many doubt he would actually withdraw from NATO, but are concerned about Trump weakening U.S. commitments to the alliance and undermining transatlantic unity. Trump repeatedly voiced his antipathy to NATO in his first term, and in the most recent debate declined to say whether he would pull the United States out of the alliance. New polling by the European Council on Foreign Relations of 15 European countries, including Ukraine, found a growing disconnect between Ukrainians and the European public elsewhere. When asked how the war will end, close to 60 percent of Ukrainians said they see outright victory for their nation, while only 30 percent believed it would end in some form of diplomatic settlement. If boosted by a new increases in Western arms, that Ukrainian belief in 'complete victory', according to the pollsters, only grows. That enthusiasm is not shared by many other Europeans, who overwhelmingly reject sending ground forces to help the Ukrainians and doubt Kyiv’s ability to actually win the war. “The prevailing view in most countries … is that the conflict will conclude with a compromise settlement,” noted the ECFR report’s authors, Krastev and Leonard. “So, when it comes to the war’s end, European publics express the pessimism of the intellect while Ukrainians represent the optimism of political will.’ Absent clear commitments to Ukraine, NATO officials have opted to focus on the big picture. “The United States is home to a quarter of the world’s economy, but combined, NATO allies have half of the world’s economy and half its military might,' outgoing NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg wrote. “Together, our deterrence is more credible, our support to Ukraine is more constant, and our cooperation with outside partners is more effective.’ (Source: msn */ The Washington Post **)
* MSN (Microsoft Network), an American web portal
** The Washington Post, the most widely circulated daily newspaper in the Washington metropolitan area. It has a national audience. Headquarters Washington, D.C., U.S.
Space
18:41 BST, 8 July 2024 The internet is awash with videos appearing to show UFOs flying near nuclear reactors, warheads and even high-speed planes. Nearly dozen UFOs appeared above Japan's Fukushima lab after its nuclear disaster in 2011. Witnesses told the Netflix docuseries, Encounters, that the UFOs aved them by lowering radioactivity levels. Local outlets caught several glimmering white orbs above the plant dipping into the lab before emerging again, in a sort of assembly line. UFO activity and nuclear devices and sites have been intertwined since the invention of the Atom Bomb in 1945. 'All of the nuclear facilities - Los Alamos, Livermore, Sandia, Savannah River - all had dramatic incidents where these unknown craft appeared over the facilities and nobody knew where they were from or what they were doing there,' investigative journalist Knapp told. The former head of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program, Elizondo, agreed that there 'seems to be a lot of correlation' between UFO appearances and nuclear sites. And independent researcher Hastings, who has been working toward full government disclosure of UAP activity, said in 2010, 'Declassified US government documents and witness testimony from former or retired US military personnel confirm beyond any doubt the reality of ongoing UFO incursions at nuclear weapons sites.' Now, new research - in the form of three studies helmed by a retired US Air Force staff sergeant, Hancock, and a data analyst affiliate with Harvard's UFO-hunting Galileo Project, Porritt - shows that not only has there been unusual activity around nuclear weapons and facilities; UFO sightings over America's nuclear arsenal appeared to shift their interest from the making of the bombs to silos and bomber bases as the Cold War arms race grew over the years. 'You would see this interest' at silos when they were being installed before 'the activity would drop off,' Porritt previously told. As the UFOs appeared more and more over armed and ready nuclear weapons sites, the apparent craft also started to appear more at night. And when a new arsenal of ICMBs was built in the 1960s, UFOs became 'much more intrusive' in their approach of ICBM bases, Porritt said. 'They're very low altitude, they penetrate the security perimeters of the base.' Experts have an alarming theory for why these locations are being targeted. Former US Air Force ICBM launch officer Salas said he was contacted by the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) in an email to gather information after he said an orange flying disc shut off 10 warheads at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana in 1967. Despite a thorough investigations by the military, no conclusion was drawn. This echoes what former US Air Force First lieutenant Jacobs said happened in 1964, when a UFO 'deactivated' an unarmed warhead in 1964. 'Now remember, all this stuff is flying at several thousand miles an hour. So this thing fires a beam of light at the warhead, hits it, and then it moves up… fires another beam of light… goes down and fires another beam of light, and then flies out the way it came in. And the warhead tumbles out of space,' he said in a 2000 interview. Eerily similar to these encounters are the instances of UAPs following fighter jets that were disclosed by the UAP Task Force, including a 'giant Tic Tac' UFO witnessed by Navy veteran fighter pilot Commander Fravor in 2004. Fravor's fellow co-pilot Underwood witnessed the 'perfectly white' wingless oblong that was captured from his cockpit's in-flight video. Two Air Force veterans previously told they have testified to the AARO in June 2023 that ’UFOs turned off their nuclear warheads’. Given the shared similarities, there seems to be a connection between the behavior of UFOs toward aircraft and nuclear weapons - and it may come from the very same reason. Whatever is up there is concerned about us, especially when it comes to the prospect of blowing ourselves up with nukes. The question emerges: are UFOs approaching high-speed aircraft because they are concerned they contain nuclear capability? In 1976, British Airways aired an ad for their Concorde flight in which an orb-like UFO darts toward the aircraft at an incredibly high speed, seemingly analyzes the plane and then accelerates away. In June 2022, at the Queen's Jubilee, the longest-serving royal monarch was honored by a cadre of nine fighter jets spewing streams of smoke in the Union Jack's red, white and blue colors - and one unidentified disc. No clear answer has ever been provided as to what it was. (Source: dailymail *)
* The Daily Mail, a British daily, middle-market tabloid newspaper. Headquarters London, United Kingdom
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